Overview
Cases are won on provable facts. The Indian Evidence Act (and successor frameworks) governs relevance, admissibility, burden of proof, and electronic record authentication—skills essential for litigants and investigators alike.
Who does this apply to?
This resource is for anyone in India who wants to understand their legal position before speaking with police, employers, landlords, or courts — not a substitute for case-specific advice.
Relevance and admissibility
Not all truthful facts are admissible. Courts filter hearsay, illegally obtained material, and privileged communications subject to exceptions.
Documentary evidence
Originals, certified copies, and registration status affect weight. Unregistered documents may be inadmissible in proof of title where law requires registration.
Electronic records
Section 65B certificates authenticate digital evidence. Preserve metadata and chain of custody for chats, emails, and CCTV.
Oral testimony
Witnesses testify in chief and cross-examination. Credibility hinges on consistency with documents and prior statements.
Burden and standard of proof
Civil cases generally use preponderance; criminal guilt requires proof beyond reasonable doubt. Shifting burdens apply in specific statutes.